Who was the architect of the Indian Reorganization Act?

Who was the architect of the Indian Reorganization Act?

After advocating for Indigenous rights in New Mexico, John Collier was appointed commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1933. He conceived of the Indian Reorganization Act as a way to restore health and self-determination to the nation’s Indigenous people.

What was the termination Act of 1953 House Concurrent Resolution 108 Public Law 280?

House concurrent resolution 108 of 1953 announced the federal policy of termination and called for the immediate ending of the Federal relationship with a selected group of tribes. The resolution established that Congress would pass termination acts on a tribe-by-tribe basis.

How many California Indian reservations were terminated when HCR 108 was enacted?

House Concurrent Resolution 108 The resolution called for the immediate termination of the Flathead, Klamath, Menominee, Potawatomi, and Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of California, New York, Florida, and Texas.

What is the termination Act of 1953?

Congress passes a resolution beginning a federal policy of termination, through which American Indian tribes will be disbanded and their land sold. A companion policy of “relocation” moves Indians off reservations and into urban areas.

What did John Collier do for Indians?

Collier was also the prime driver behind the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, often called the “Indian New Deal.” This sweeping law assisted American Indians by promoting self-governance, opening up lines of credit, increasing educational opportunities, and returning tribal lands [2].

Who were involved in the Indian Removal Act?

The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders.

What year did House Concurrent Resolution 108 end?

1953: House Concurrent Resolution 108 The Klamath of Oregon and the Menominee of Wisconsin were terminated, as well as many smaller tribes from West Coast reservations (Deloria & Lytle, 1983).

What did House Concurrent Resolution No 108?

House concurrent resolution 108 (HCR-108), passed August 1, 1953, declared it to be the sense of Congress that it should be policy of the United States to abolish federal supervision over American Indian tribes as soon as possible and to subject the Indians to the same laws, privileges, and responsibilities as other …

Which US president decided in 1970 that the federal government needed to honor their historical treaty obligations with Native Americans?

The Constitution, treaties, laws, and court decisions have consistently recognized a unique political relationship between Indian tribes and the United States which this administration pledges to uphold. In 1970 President Nixon announced a national policy of self-determination for Indian tribes.

Which president pushed for Native American removal from east of the Mississippi in the 1820s and 30s?

The rapid settlement of land east of the Mississippi River made it clear by the mid-1820s that the white man would not tolerate the presence of even peaceful Indians there. Pres. Andrew Jackson (1829–37) vigorously promoted this new policy, which became incorporated in the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

How many tribes in California are not federally recognized?

More than fifty–five tribes in California remain unrecognized by the federal government. In addition, twelve tribes were terminated during the period of the 1950s–1960s and have not been restored. Over 80,000 individuals are affected.

What was the slogan of the American Indian Movement?

Protesters held signs with slogans such as “Indians are people not mascots”. or “Being Indian is not a character you can play”.

Which act ended the allotment policy?

In 1934, the Wheeler-Howard Act (also known as the Indian Reorganization Act) was passed ending the process of allotment on Indian lands in the contiguous United States.

What is the Alcatraz Proclamation?

The proclamation of the Indians of All Tribes who occupied Alcatraz from November 1969 to June 1971: To the Great White Father and All His People: We, the native Americans, re-claim the land known as Alcatraz Island in the name of all American Indians by right of discovery.

What was Public Law 588?

Starting in January 1954, Congress entertained 288 bills and resolutions; 46 became laws. Public Law 588 affected 2,100 Indians of sixty bands in western Oregon, and Public Law 715 called for establishing tribal rolls for the distribution of per capita payments from land claims.

What did John Collier want?

He worked for the acceptance of cultural pluralism to enable Native American tribes to preserve their own cultures. Collier believed Indigenous survival was based on their retention of their land bases. He lobbied for repeal of the Dawes Act, Indian General Allotment Act of 1887.

What did John Collier do during the New Deal?

As an initiative of the Indian New Deal, he hired anthropologists to document Indian languages and ways of life. Indian Agencies hired photographers to capture Native American culture. Collier also helped establish the Indian Arts and Crafts Board, tasked with promoting and preserving Native American material culture.

What role did John Collier play in the 1920s?

Collier led the opposition to the Bursum Bill of 1922, which would have taken 60,000 acres of treaty-guaranteed New Mexico lands away from the Pueblos. After successfully defeating the bill, Collier helped form the American Indian Defense Association and became its executive secretary.